
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.05, sd = 1.73)}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.13, sd = 0.28)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity          & 1.322$^{***}$ & 1.125$^{***}$ & 1.081$^{***}$ & 1.338$^{***}$ & 0.148$^{***}$ & 0.107$^{***}$ & 0.099$^{***}$ & 0.099$^{***}$\\   
                              & (0.169)       & (0.202)       & (0.263)       & (0.174)       & (0.016)       & (0.015)       & (0.017)       & (0.018)\\   
   Population                 &               & 0.674$^{***}$ & 0.645$^{***}$ & 0.736$^{***}$ &               & 0.139$^{***}$ & 0.125$^{***}$ & 0.099$^{***}$\\   
                              &               & (0.106)       & (0.106)       & (0.189)       &               & (0.020)       & (0.018)       & (0.029)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.956$^{***}$ & 0.698$^{***}$ & 0.667$^{**}$  & 0.939$^{***}$ & 0.111$^{***}$ & 0.046$^{**}$  & 0.043$^{*}$   & 0.061$^{***}$\\   
                               & (0.179)       & (0.235)       & (0.283)       & (0.236)       & (0.014)       & (0.021)       & (0.024)       & (0.019)\\   
   Predicted population        &               & 0.546$^{***}$ & 0.521$^{***}$ & 0.205         &               & 0.138$^{***}$ & 0.122$^{***}$ & 0.051\\   
                               &               & (0.147)       & (0.161)       & (0.205)       &               & (0.026)       & (0.025)       & (0.035)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                     & 1.388$^{***}$ & 1.161$^{***}$ & 1.128$^{***}$ & 1.392$^{***}$ & 0.161$^{***}$ & 0.104$^{***}$ & 0.104$^{***}$ & 0.101$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.171)       & (0.205)       & (0.262)       & (0.191)       & (0.018)       & (0.018)       & (0.019)       & (0.019)\\   
   Population                            &               & 0.664$^{***}$ & 0.640$^{***}$ & 0.731$^{***}$ &               & 0.166$^{***}$ & 0.137$^{***}$ & 0.118$^{**}$\\   
                                         &               & (0.137)       & (0.120)       & (0.236)       &               & (0.028)       & (0.021)       & (0.054)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 129           & 162; 426      & 147; 227      & 149; 29       & 129           & 162; 426      & 147; 227      & 149; 29\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.689$^{***}$ & 0.693$^{***}$ & 0.723$^{***}$ & 0.729$^{***}$ &  & -0.160$^{***}$ & -0.231$^{***}$ & -0.103$^{**}$ \\
                               & (0.061)       & (0.075)       & (0.073)       & (0.074)       &  & (0.033)        & (0.042)        & (0.041)       \\
   Predicted population        &               & -0.009        & -0.076$^{*}$  & -0.142$^{**}$ &  & 0.837$^{***}$  & 0.948$^{***}$  & 0.550$^{***}$ \\
                               &               & (0.041)       & (0.040)       & (0.063)       &  & (0.053)        & (0.073)        & (0.107)       \\
    \\
   County fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               & \\  
   State-Period fixed effects &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends    &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


